Selected Bibliography

Colburn, David and Jane Landers, eds. The African American Heritage of Florida. Gainesville: University of Florida Press, 1995.

Corbould, Clare. Becoming African Americans: Black Public Life in Harlem, 1919-1939. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 2009.

Gaines, Kevin Kelly. Uplifting the Race: Black Leadership, Politics, and Culture in the Twentieth Century. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1996.

Gaines, Kevin Kelly. Uplifting the Race: Black Middle-class Ideology in the Era of the "New Negro," 1890-1935. PhD diss., Brown University, 1991.

Garrett-Scott, Shanette. Banking on Freedom: Black Women and U.S. Finance Before the New Deal. New York: Columbia University Press, 2019.

Gilmore, Glenda Elizabeth. Gender and Jim Crow: Women and the Politics of White Supremacy in North Carolina, 1896-1920. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1996.

Hale, Grace Elizabeth. Making Whiteness: The Culture of Segregation in the South, 1890-1940. New York: Vintage Books, 1999.

Jones, Martha. All Bound Up Together: The Woman Question in African American Public Culture, 1830-1900. Chapel Hill: UNC Press, 2007.

Ortiz, Paul. Emancipation Betrayed: The Hidden History of Black Organizing and White Violence in Florida from Reconstruction to the Bloody Election of 1920. Berkeley: University California Press, 2005.